Making the Effort: The Contours of Racial Discrimination in Detroit’s Labor Markets, 1920–1940
研究发现1940年底特律黑人男性集中在福特汽车公司工作，是因为被其他雇主排斥；年轻已婚黑人受影响最大，福特是他们获得家庭工资的唯一机会，但需付出额外努力。
In 1940 the Ford Motor Company employed half of the black men in Detroit but only 14 percent of the whites. We find that black Detroiters were concentrated at Ford because they were excluded from working elsewhere. Those most affected were young married black men. A Ford job was virtually the only opportunity they had to earn a family wage; but to keep it, they had to put out the extra effort that Ford required. White married men in Detroit had better employment opportunities elsewhere, so they tended to avoid Ford or leave very quickly.