Less need to be there: Cross-level effects of work practices that support work-life flexibility and enhance group processes and group-level OCB
研究提出，通过协作时间管理、重新定义工作贡献、主动可用性和策略性自我展示等工作实践，可以减少因灵活工作安排导致的面对面时间减少对群体过程的负面影响，并提升群体层面的组织公民行为。
Flexible work arrangements that give employees more control over when and where they work (such as part-time, flextime, and flexplace) have resulted in growing workplace trends of reduced face time, namely less visible physical time at the workplace. Most previous writings highlight negative effects on work group processes and effectiveness. In contrast, we develop a cross-level model specifying facilitating work practices that enhance group processes and effectiveness. These work practices: collaborative time management, re-definition of work contributions, proactive availability, and strategic self-presentation enhance overall awareness of others' needs in the group and overall caring about group goals, reduce process losses, and enhance group-level organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Our model presents testable propositions to guide empirical research on potentially positive effects of individual reduced face time on group outcomes.