Estimating Trade Restrictiveness Indices
为78个发展中国家和发达国家提供了基于贸易理论的清晰定义的贸易限制指标，发现穷国往往有更严格的贸易政策，且其出口面临更高壁垒。
Studies of the impact of trade restrictiveness on growth, poverty, or unemployment are frequent in the academic literature. Few authors, however, provide a precise definition of what they mean by trade restrictiveness. When they do, the definition is unlikely to have tight links with trade theory. The objective of this article is to fill this gap by providing for 78 developing and developed countries clearly defined indicators of trade restrictiveness that are well grounded in trade theory. Results suggest that poor countries tend to have more restrictive trade policies but they also face higher trade barriers on their exports.