Racial Discrimination Among NBA Referees
研究发现NBA裁判对异族球员吹罚更多个人犯规，这种偏差足以影响相当数量比赛的结果，但无法区分是白人还是黑人裁判的偏见。
The NBA provides an intriguing place to assess discrimination: referees and players are involved in repeated interactions in a high-pressure setting, with referees making split-second decisions that might allow implicit racial biases to become evident. We find that more personal fouls are awarded against players when they are officiated by an opposite-race officiating crew than when they are officiated by an own-race refereeing crew. These biases are sufficiently large so that they affect the outcome of an appreciable number of games. Our results do not distinguish whether the bias stems from the actions of white or black referees.