City-Farm Wage Gaps in Late Nineteenth-Century France
研究了19世纪末法国城乡工资差距，发现扣除生活成本后差距从1852年的零上升到1892年的约25%，但远小于英国同期水平，说明劳动力短缺并未严重阻碍工业化。
Wage gaps between farm and city are used to assess whether industrialization in late nineteenth-century France was choked off by peasants' alleged reluctance to move. If industry suffered due to labor scarcity, wage gaps should have been large and rising. It turns out that the wage gap, when adjusted for costs of living and computed as an average of 20 regional wage gaps, was nil in 1852 and about 25 percent in 1892. Thus wage gaps were rising but were far smaller throughout the late nineteenth century than they were in England during similar stages of industrialization.