A dimensional analysis of supervisor and subordinate attributions of success and failure
调查了五个组织的主管和三个组织的下属，发现他们都认为动机和能力比运气和任务难度更能解释下属的成功与失败，且任务难度被视为失败的重要原因。
Abstract Supervisors in five organizations and subordinates in three organizations were asked how important four primary causes of behaviour—motivation, ability, luck and task difficulty—were as causes of subordinate performance. Consistent across all eight samples, organizational members perceived motivation and ability as more important causes of subordinate success than failure. Task difficulty was perceived as a more important determinant of failure than task ease was of success. Luck was the least important cause of both success and failure. Factor analysis revealed that supervisors and subordinates utilized the internal‐external locus of causality dimension to explain subordinate success and failure. It was concluded that organizational members rely upon similar causal schemata to explain performance outcomes.