Cutbacks, Management, and Human Relations: Meanings for Organizational Theory and Research
研究了美国各类组织在裁员时常见的行政反应（如集权化、正式化）及其对员工士气、信任和生产力的负面影响，并探讨了不同组织类型的差异及对组织理论的启示。
Retrenchments are a common occurrence in business, educaitonal, social service, and civic and public organizations in the United States. Administrative responses to the events leading to reductions have been reactive and last-resort activities typically leading to centralizations, formalization, and increased downward initiatives of communications and directives. In turn, these have tended to exacerbate the existing problems, especially those of employee morale, trust, depression, and productivity. Variations by types of organizations are presented and implications are drawn for practical consequences and solutions and for analytical contributions to organizational theory.