Control of Workflow in Organizations: Perspectives from Markets, Hierarchies, and Collectives
识别了依赖、例行化和协作三种控制基础，分别对应市场、官僚和集体组织的控制方式，并假设它们相互排斥且受交易复杂性影响，在一家航空研究机构中进行了检验。
Three types of control bases, namely, dependence, routinization, and collaboration, are identified as means of controlling workflow in organizations. These bases are seen to reflect the dominant methods of control used in market, bureaucratic, and collective organizations, respectively. It is hypothesized that the total amount of control bases available will lead to effective control, but as organizations will tend to economize upon control costs, it is also hypothesized that these three bases tend to be mutually exclusive. Other hypotheses suggest that the greater the complexity of a transaction the less likely that routinization, but the more likely collaboration, is used as a control base. These hypotheses are investigated in the setting of an aerospace research establishment where users of equipment have to link their activities with providers of technical services.