The producer welfare effects of trade liberalization when goods are perishable and habit‐forming: the case of asparagus
研究发现，芦笋作为易腐季节性作物，其反季节进口在美国生长季形成了消费习惯，从而抵消了北美自由贸易协定下墨西哥进口和安第斯贸易优惠法案下秘鲁进口对美国芦笋生产者的大部分福利损失。
Abstract Asparagus is a perishable, highly seasonal crop. We find that out‐of‐season imports of asparagus caused habit formation that increased demand in the U.S. growing seasons. We find that habit effects offset about 64% of the welfare losses to U.S. asparagus producers from increased Mexican imports under NAFTA and all of the U.S. producer welfare losses from increased Peruvian imports under the Andean Trade Preference Act. We estimate that the U.S. producer welfare losses from NAFTA are less than the annualized value of market loss assistance provided them in the 2008 Farm Bill.