Impacts of Economic Reform in Poland: Incidence and Welfare Changes Within a Consistent Framework
用虚拟价格计算包含配给效应的生活成本指数，发现波兰1987-1992年间忽略配给效应的指数每年高估1.53-3.71个百分点，考虑配给后福利损失估计降低50%-75%。
The costs of shortages and rationing are not captured by standard consumer price indices. Thus the change in real GDP per capita is an overestimate of welfare losses in transition economics. In this study virtual prices are used to calculate new cost-of-living indices (CLIs). The results for Polant show that from 1987 to 1992 the CLI ignoring the rationing effects is biased upward from 1.53 to 3.71 percentage points per year. Compared to the estimates of welfare loss that neglect the rationing effects during the prereform period, the estimated welfare losses that reflect the rationing are reduced by 50% using Hausman' virtual prices and by 75% using external proxy virtual prices. © 2004 President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.