Accounting for Negative, Zero and Positive Willingness to Pay for Landscape Change in a National Park
研究在英国两个国家公园的林地覆盖变化中，允许负值、零值和正值支付意愿的影响，发现忽略负值会使植树项目的总效益被高估最多44%。
Abstract In contingent valuation, despite the fact that many externalities manifest themselves as costs to some and benefits to others, most studies restrict willingness to pay to being non‐negative. In this paper, we investigate the impact of allowing for negative, zero and positive preferences for prospective changes in woodland cover in two UK national parks, the Lake District and the Trossachs. An extended spike model is used to accomplish this. The policy implications of not allowing for negative values in terms of aggregate benefits are also investigated, by comparing the extended spike model with a simple spike making use of only zero and positive bids, and a model which considers positive bids only. We find that ignoring negative values over‐states the aggregate benefits of a woodland planting project by up to 44%.