Trend‐stationary GNP: evidence from a new exact pointwise most powerful invariant unit root test
开发了一种新的精确小样本单位根检验，能有效区分GNP序列是单位根还是趋势平稳，并发现美国实际GNP和人均GNP显著拒绝单位根假设，即使存在单位根成分也极小。
Abstract There has been a substantial debate whether GNP has a unit root. However, statistical tests have had little success in distinguishing between unit‐root and trend‐reverting specifications because of poor statistical properties. This paper develops a new exact small‐sample, pointwise most powerful unit root test that is invariant to the unknown mean and scale of the time series tested, that generates exact small‐sample critical values, powers and p ‐values, that has power which approximates the maximum possible power, and that is highly robust to conditional heteroscedasticity. This test decisively rejects the unit root null hypothesis when applied to annual US real GNP and US real per capita GNP series. This paper also develops a modified version of the test to address whether a time series contains a permanent, unit root process in addition to a temporary, stationary process. It shows that if these GNP series contain a unit root process in addition to the stationary process, then it is most likely very small. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.