Back on the Rails: Competition and Productivity in State-Owned Industry
利用印度最大钢轨厂的车间级数据，研究发现竞争威胁使每班产出三年内增长28%，其中超半数归因于针对性的培训投资，表明新兴经济体知识提升投资回报高。
We use a proprietary dataset on the floor-level operations at the largest rail mill in India to study the response of productivity to the threat of entry. Output per active shift increased by 28 percent over 3 years with minimal changes in physical capital and employment. By combining data on the timing of various training programs in the mill with shift-level variation in worker composition, we are able to attribute over half of the higher productivity to training specifically targeted toward improving rail output. Our work suggests high returns to knowledge-enhancing investment in emerging economies.