Macrocultures: Determinants and Consequences
提出“宏观文化”概念，指跨组织管理者共享的信念，解释为何美国钢铁、汽车等整个行业会忽视新竞争者、固守过时技术，并分析其对企业惰性、创新和相似性的影响。
Faced with turbulent national and international environments, entire U.S. industries — most notably steel and automobiles — have revealed a distinct propensity to overlook radically new types of competitors, cling to traditional technologies, and remain mired in similar, yet outdated, strategic postures. In this article, we ascribe the adaptive failures of entire industries not only to the microcultures of single organizations, but also to what we term interorganizational “macro-cultures” — relatively idiosyncratic beliefs that are shared by managers across organizations. More specifically, we propose that value-added networks linking organizations into collectivities both induce and reflect the existence and persistence of more or less homogeneous macrocultures. In turn, homogeneous macrocultures (a) increase the level of inertia these organizations experience, (b) influence the inventiveness of organizations and the diffusion of innovations among them, and (c) increase the similarity of member organizat...