UNMASKING THE POLLUTION HAVEN EFFECT*
通过理论和实证分析，研究环境规制对贸易流的影响，发现美国1977-1986年间污染治理成本上升最多的行业，其净进口增长也最大，为理解污染避难所假说提供了证据。
We use theory and empirics to examine the effect of environmental regulations on trade flows. A simple model demonstrates how unobserved heterogeneity, endogeneity, and aggregation issues bias standard measurements of this relationship. A reduced‐form estimate of the model, using data on U.S. regulations and trade with Canada and Mexico for 130 manufacturing industries from 1977 to 1986, indicates that industries whose abatement costs increased most experienced the largest increases in net imports. For the average industry, the change in net imports we ascribe to regulatory costs amounting to 10% of the total increase in trade volume over the period.