Do Voluntary Biotechnology Labels Matter to the Consumer? Evidence from the Fluid Milk Market
利用超市扫描数据，研究液态奶中自愿性基因改造生长激素标签对需求的影响，发现标签增加了无重组牛生长激素牛奶的需求，且效果随时间增强。
Abstract This article examines the effects on the demand of voluntary labeling for the use of genetically modified growth hormone for retail fluid milk using supermarket scanner data. Retail fluid milk tracks one of the first biotechnology products approved, is fairly standardized and ubiquitous, and allows for cross‐sectional differentiation between labeled and unlabeled products and between conventional and organic brands. The results indicate that voluntary labeling increases the demand for recombinant bovine growth hormone free milk. In addition, the estimated effects of labeling appear to have increased over time.