The Productivity of Nanobiotechnology Research and Education in U.S. Universities
研究了1990-2005年间30所美国大学在纳米生物技术领域的知识生产效率，发现专利增加会挤占论文和博士生的收入份额，整体效率呈U型且在1997年最低，技术进步退步但产出增长靠预算扩大。
The knowledge production process of thirty universities that participated in nanobiotechnology research during 1990–2005 is estimated by a stochastic directional technology distance function. Knowledge outputs include journal articles, patents, and Ph.D students. The dual elasticity of transformation between knowledge outputs is estimated. An increase in patents reduces the revenue shares of publications and Ph.D students for a majority of the thirty universities. Aggregate university inefficiency has a U shape with a minimum in 1997. Evidence of technological regress is found which indicates that the increased production of patents, publications, and Ph.D students is due to bigger research budgets.