Judicial Ingroup Bias in the Shadow of Terrorism *
利用以色列小额索赔法院2000-2004年的数据，研究发现法官在随机分配的案件中表现出内群体偏袒，且这种偏袒与法院附近前一年的恐怖主义强度密切相关。
We study ingroup bias--the preferential treatment of members of one's group--in naturally occurring data, where economically significant allocation decisions are made under a strong non-discriminatory norm. Data come from Israeli small claims courts during 2000--2004, where the assignment of a case to an Arab or Jewish judge is effectively random. We find robust evidence for judicial ingroup bias. Furthermore, this bias is strongly associated with terrorism intensity in the vicinity of the court in the year preceding the ruling. The results are consistent with theory and lab evidence according to which salience of group membership enhances social identification. Copyright 2011, Oxford University Press.