Family-Owned Home Businesses: Their Employees and Unpaid Helpers
研究了家族拥有的家庭企业中各类工人（有偿、合同、无偿）对产出的影响，发现家族工人、家族帮手和无关联工人有正面贡献，而无偿的关联帮手会降低净收入，合同关联工人则增加业主工时。
Family-owned home-based businesses traditionally utilize a workforce of paid workers, contracting workers, and unpaid helpers. Each type of worker may be categorized as family, related, or unrelated. The research reported here shows that not all worker types increase business outputs. Family workers, family helpers, and unrelated workers contribute in positive ways to business outputs. In contrast, unpaid related helpers decrease net income, and contracting related workers increase the work hours of the business owner.