RETAKING IN HIGH STAKES EXAMS: IS LESS MORE?
研究了土耳其大学入学考试中重考现象，发现限制重考能在事前使所有考生受益、事后使多数考生受益，因为重考者通过提高录取分数线对他人产生负面溢出效应。
Abstract Placement, both in university and in the civil service, according to performance in competitive exams is the norm in much of the world. Repeat taking of such exams is common despite the private and social costs it imposes. We develop and estimate a structural model of exam retaking using data from Turkey's university placement exam. Limiting retaking results in all agents gaining ex ante and most gaining ex post. This result comes from a general equilibrium effect: Retakers crowd the market and impose negative spillovers on others by raising acceptance cutoffs.