Group Loyalty and the Taste for Redistribution
利用调查数据发现，人们对福利支出的态度不仅受自身经济利益影响，还受人际偏好驱动：社区福利领取率上升会降低支持，而本种族群体领取比例上升则会提高支持，这有助于解释种族异质性高的地区福利水平较低。
Interpersonal preferencespreferences that depend on the characteristics of othersare typically hard to infer from observable individual behavior. As an alternative approach, this paper uses survey data to investigate interpersonal preferences. I show that self-reported attitudes toward welfare spending are determined not only by financial self-interest but also by interpersonal preferences. These interpersonal preferences are characterized by a negative exposure effectindividuals decrease their support for welfare as the welfare recipiency rate in their community risesand racial group loyaltyindividuals increase their support for welfare spending as the share of local recipients from their own racial group rises. These findings help to explain why levels of welfare benefits are relatively low in racially heterogeneous states.