The Economic Significance of National Border Effects
探讨国家边界效应是否源于国内外产品间的价格差异或替代性，以及价格差异是否反映贸易壁垒或非扭曲因素，结论认为边界效应可能意味着贸易壁垒和福利成本，但扭曲程度可能不如早期研究所示。
To address the economic significance of national border effects, this paper provides evidence on two fundamental questions: (1) Do large border effects arise because of high perceived-price wedges between foreign and domestic products, or because imports and domestic goods are very close substitutes?; and (2) If price wedges are important, do they reflect distortionary barriers to trade or do they arise from nondistortionary factors, such as differences in transactions costs or product characteristics? I conclude that, while border effects may imply barriers, welfare costs, and a role for policy, distortions are probably not as substantial as initial border results suggested.