Cross-border constraints, institutional changes and integration of the Dutch–German gas market
评估了九项制度变迁对荷兰与德国天然气市场一体化的贡献，发现德国国内及荷德间管网连接改善促进了一体化，而与英国市场连接及俄罗斯供应则产生负面影响。
We evaluate the contribution of nine institutional changes to the integration of the Dutch and German gas markets. We analyse this contribution through the impact of bottlenecks in the cross-border infrastructure on the absolute value of cross-border price differences. In the period 2007–2013, the absolute value of the differences in price levels between the Dutch and the German NCG market decreased, indicating more integration. We find evidence that the improved connections within the German networks as well as between the Dutch and the German network contributed to this. The strengthening of the connections with the UK market and the Russian supply, however, had a negative effect on market integration between the Dutch and the German NCG market. The liquidity-enhancing changes within the Dutch market had a negligible effect.