One Market or Many? Labor Market Integration in the Late Nineteenth-Century United States
利用1870-1898年12个主要城市23个职业的工资和价格数据，发现美国劳动力市场存在巨大且持续的实际工资差异，远未实现完全一体化，差异既源于劳动力需求增长差异，也源于市场一体化不足。
This article examines the geographic integration of U.S. labor markets from 1870 to 1898, using previously unexploited wage and price data for 23 occupations in 12 major cities. In contrast to the increasing nationalization found in other markets at that time, the labor market was characterized by large and persistent real wage differentials both within and between regions, leaving little doubt that late nineteenth-century labor markets remained far from completely integrated. The differentials, however, owed as much to substantial variations in labor demand growth as to the lack of labor market integration.