Peer and Upward Appraisals
研究员工对同事评价和上级评价的看法，发现用于发展的评价比用于行政的评价更可能产生积极结果，上级评价比同事评价更受青睐，同事关系影响评价结果，而上下级关系无显著影响。
This study reports on the positive and negative outcomes that abroad cross section of employees associate with peer and upward appraisals used solely for administrative or developmental purposes. Appraisals used for development were believed more likely to produce positive and less likely to produce negative outcomes than appraisals used for administration. Upward appraisals were believed to produce more positive outcomes and fewer negative outcomes than peer appraisals, mainly because of participants' lower expectations of positive outcomes and higher expectations of negative outcomes for peer appraisal used for administrative purposes. Good coworker relations were also positively related to positive outcomes and negatively related to negative outcomes, but supervisor relations had no effect on participants' opinions. Experience giving and receiving peer and/or upward reviews had little effect on participants' opinions, except that those with experience generally believed negative outcomes were even less likely to occur when appraisals were used for development than those without experience. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for future empirical work and for the design of 360-degree performance appraisal systems.