Economies of Scale in Tobacco Manufacture, 1897–1910
运用生存技术分析1897-1910年美国烟草业数据，发现大型工厂具有显著成本优势，最小有效规模需占美国产量近10%，支持了规模经济驱动世纪之交美国制造业合并运动的观点。
The survivor technique is applied to a virtually complete set of plant and output data to determine the extent of scale economies in the plug, smoking, snuff, and fine-cut branches of the tobacco industry between 1897 and 1910. The data indicate that the relative cost advantage of large tobacco factories was substantial, with facilities of minimum efficient size often requiring market shares approaching 10 per cent of U. S. output. These results support one of the principal themes of The Visible Hand —that the realization of scale economies motivated the consolidation movement in American manufacturing at the turn of the century.