MBO and Goal Directedness In a Hospital Context
研究两家医院实施目标管理（MBO）的尝试，发现作为目标导向的管理技术，MBO可能导致机构层面的功能失调决策，尤其在复杂动态环境中；但若作为子单元层面的管理哲学，则能促进分权决策和绩效评估。
In this article, we examine the attempt of two hospitals to implement management by objectives (MBO) as a means of improving organizational planning and control. Our conclusion is that, as a goal-directed form of management technology, MBO may lead to dysfunctional decision making at the institutional level within organizations, especially those facing complex, dynamic environments. However, if viewed as a philosophy of management administered at the sub-unit level, MBO may serve as a catalytic agent for encouraging decentralized decision making and performance evaluation.