Gender Differences in Childcare: Time Allocation in Five European Countries
利用欧洲社区家庭面板数据，分析丹麦、法国、德国、意大利和西班牙双亲家庭中育儿时间的性别差异，发现地中海国家性别不平等更明显，且育儿时间受幼童数量、非劳动收入及母亲非劳动收入占比影响。
Abstract This article analyses the intrahousehold allocation of time in households headed by heterosexual couples to show gender differences in childcare in Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. Using data for the five sample countries from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP; 1994–2001) and the framework of a general efficiency approach, each parent's hours spent on childcare are regressed against individual and household characteristics. Empirical results show a clear inequality in childcare between fathers and mothers, with this disparity being more evident in Mediterranean countries. Panel data estimates reveal that, in general, caring tasks are mainly influenced by the presence of young children in the household, by the total nonlabor income, and by the ratio of mothers' nonlabor income to family's nonlabor income, with this latter variable exhibiting different behavior across genders and across countries.