Optimal and Dysfunctional Turnover: Toward an Organizational Level Model
定义了功能失调性离职，即离职水平导致组织在离职成本与保留员工成本之间的最优平衡出现偏差，并提出了一个组织层面的模型，说明个体、组织和环境因素如何影响离职倾向和预期离职率。
Dysfunctional turnover is defined here as the level that produces a divergence between the organization's optimal balance of costs associated with turnover and the costs associated with retaining employees. Under this approach, the optimal level of aggregate turnover for most organizations will be (1) greater than zero and (2) variable across organizations, contingent on particular factors influencing retention costs and quit propensities. The model presented posits that individual, organizational, and environmental attributes influence individual quit propensities of employees and, hence, expected turnover rates for the organization.