Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
调和经济学与心理学的分歧，指出知情委托人提供的绩效激励可能损害代理人对任务或自身能力的认知，从而在短期弱化、长期负向影响动机，并探讨授权、帮助、借口及自我贬低等情境对动机的作用。
A central tenet of economics is that individuals respond to incentives. For psychologists and sociologists, in contrast, rewards and punishments are often counterproductive, because they undermine "intrinsic motivation". We reconcile these two views, showing how performance incentives offered by an informed principal (manager, teacher, parent) can adversely impact an agent's (worker, child) perception of the task, or of his own abilities. Incentives are then only weak reinforcers in the short run, and negative reinforcers in the long run. We also study the effects of empowerment, help and excuses on motivation, as well as situations of ego bashing reflecting a battle for dominance within a relationship. Copyright 2003, Wiley-Blackwell.