HYBRID INNOVATION IN MEIJI, JAPAN*
研究了明治日本通过非金钱奖励（奖品）与专利互补的混合创新体系，发现奖品显著促进了专利活动，尤其在欠发达地区，并带来技术知识溢出效应。
Japan’s hybrid innovation system during the Meiji era provides a useful laboratory for examining the effectiveness of complementary incentives to patents. Patents were introduced in 1885, and by 1911 1.2 million mostly nonpecuniary prizes were awarded at 8,503 competitions. Prizes provided a strong boost to patents, especially in less developed prefectures, and they also induced large spillovers of technical knowledge in prefectures adjacent to those with prizes, relative to distant control prefectures without prizes. Linking competition expenditures with the expected market value of patents induced by the prizes permits a cost–benefit assessment of the prize competitions to be made.