Migration and Economic Mobility: Wealth Accumulation and Occupational Change Among Antebellum Migrants and Persisters
比较了19世纪中期从马萨诸塞州纽伯里波特迁移和留守的男性经历，发现蓝领迁移者比留守者更成功，表明此前研究可能低估了当时的经济机会。
Research on nineteenth-century economic and social mobility has concentrated on occupational change among men who remained in the same community for ten or more years, although fewer than half of any community's residents persist that long. This article uses a data set created specifically to compare the experiences of men who migrated from Newburyport, Massachusetts in the mid-nineteenth century with those of men who persisted. It finds that blue-collar migrants were more successful than were their counterparts who did not move. The results suggest that previous studies may have considerably underestimated the extent of economic opportunity in nineteenth-century America.