PIRACY ON THE SILVER SCREEN*
基于约500名宾大本科生的电影消费调查数据，研究发现未付费观影会显著替代付费观影，未付费首次观影使付费观影减少约1个单位，未付费二次观影效果较小。
Using survey data on movie consumption by about 500 University of Pennsylvania undergraduate students, we ask whether unpaid consumption of movies displaces paid consumption. A variety of cross‐sectional and longitudinal empirical approaches show large and statistically significant evidence of displacement. In the most appropriate empirical specification, we find that unpaid first consumption reduces paid consumption by about 1 unit. Unpaid second consumption has a smaller effect, about 0.20 units. Our analysis indicates that unpaid consumption, which makes up 5.2 per cent of movie viewing in our sample, reduced paid consumption in our sample by 3.5 per cent.