Impacts of Minimum Quality Standards Imposed Through Marketing Orders or Related Producer Organizations
分析了生产者组织（如营销令）集体实施的最低质量标准对竞争市场的影响，发现其无法提升社会福利，反而造成双重无谓损失，并损害所有消费者利益，但作为次优工具可能优于供给控制。
Abstract We analyze the impacts of minimum quality standards (MQS) imposed by producers acting collectively through a producer organization, such as a marketing order. MQS imposed in a competitive market can never enhance social welfare because in general an MQS creates two deadweight losses—one due to inefficient enhancement of product quality and a second due to wastage of the low‐quality product. Any MQS that a competitive industry implements based upon a profit criterion causes all consumers in the market to be harmed. However, an MQS may be preferred relative to supply control as a second‐best instrument for transferring income to producers.