Early, Late or Never? When Does Parental Education Impact Child Outcomes?
利用英国1972年最低离校年龄改革，发现父母教育水平提高对子女教育有正向因果效应，从4岁学前评估到16岁考试均可见。
We estimate the causal effect of parents' education on their children's education and examine the timing of the impact. We identify the causal effect by exploiting the exogenous shift in (parents') education levels induced by the 1972 minimum school leaving age reform in England. Increasing parental education has a positive causal effect on children's outcomes that is evident in preschool assessments at age 4 and continues to be visible up to and including high-stakes examinations taken at age 16. Children of parents affected by the reform attain results around 0.1 standard deviations higher than those whose parents were not impacted.