Consumer Behavior in the Nineteenth Century and Ontario Workers, 1885–1889
结合支出截面数据与时间序列数据，用新计量方法估算1870-1914年加拿大家庭预算份额，发现1900年前后出现结构性变化，对理解该时期实际收入变化有重要意义。
Cross-section data on expenditure patterns and time-series data on nominal national income and the characteristics of the consuming population are combined to yield aggregate expenditure and household budget share estimates for Canadians from 1870 to 1914. Recently developed econometric techniques are used to produce the new time series. Unlike older estimates that give relatively stable budget shares, the new series break at 1900. This finding has significant implications for the debate over Canadian real income changes in the period, a debate prolonged by problems of converting nominal into real income and of estimating real consumption directly.