Reversing Property Rights: Practice‐Based Approaches for Controlling Agricultural Nonpoint‐source Water Pollution When Emissions Aggregate Nonlinearly
利用现代建模和优化方法构建物理关系近似，使标准经济工具（如命令控制、绩效标准、交易）可用于不可观测的非点源污染，并以爱荷华州布恩河流域实证。
Abstract Nonpoint‐source water pollution remains a major issue despite decades of research and sizable conservation programs. We suggest that by taking advantage of contemporary modeling and optimization approaches, good approximations to physical relationships can be constructed so that even in the presence of unobservable field emissions and nonlinear fate and transport relationships, standard economic tools of command‐and‐control requirements, performance standards, and trading can be implemented. The Boone River Watershed in the U.S. state of Iowa is used for empirical demonstration. Although the approach can be used to construct voluntary conservation policies, the described policies involve imposing requirements on agricultural polluters rather than relying on voluntary actions alone.