Escaping bullying: The simultaneous impact of individual and unit-level bullying on turnover intentions
研究同时考察了直接遭受欺凌和处于欺凌环境对员工离职意向的影响，发现两者都会导致高离职意向，且单位欺凌对非直接受害者的影响更强。
In this study, we investigate the simultaneous impact of, and interaction between, being the direct target of bullying and working in an environment characterized by bullying upon employees’ turnover intentions. Hierarchical linear modeling analysis of a sample of 41 hospital units and 357 nurses demonstrates that working in an environment characterized by bullying increases individual employees’ turnover intentions. Importantly, employees report similarly high turnover intentions when they are either the direct target of bullying or when they work in work units characterized by high bullying. Results also suggest that the impact of unit-level bullying is stronger on those who are not often directly bullied themselves.