Smoking Habits: Like Father, Like Son, Like Mother, Like Daughter?*
使用工具变量方法研究父母吸烟习惯对孩子吸烟决策的因果影响，发现双亲家庭中存在同性榜样效应，而单亲母亲家庭中母亲的影响占主导。
We use instrumental variable methods to investigate whether the impact of parental smoking \nhabits on their children’s smoking decisions is a causal one. We find suggestive evidence \nof same-sex role models in two-parent households: mothers play a more crucial \nrole in determining their daughters’ smoking decisions, whereas fathers’ smoking habits \nare primarily imitated by their sons. This same-sex parent–child link is no longer at play \nfor teenagers living in single-mother households, for whom the influence of their only \ncohabiting parent turns out to be predominant independently of gender.