Structural Change in American Manufacturing, 1850–1890
利用1850-1890年美国16个主要行业的数据，研究资本深化型技术变革如何推动大企业成长和市场集中，发现部分行业集中度上升源于技术导致的规模经济，但其他行业的高集中度并非技术所迫。
This article examines the role of capital-deepening technical change in promoting the growth of large firms and concentrated markets in the late nineteenth-century United States. Translog production functions allowing nonconstant returns to scale and biased technical change are estimated in pooled cross-section time series for 16 major industries over the period 1850–1890 based on Census data. It is shown that substantial increases in optimal firm size, dictating natural monopoly or tight oligopoly market structures, occurred in some but not all of the industries experiencing substantial increases in concentration over this period. In a number of markets high concentration levels did not appear to have been compelled by changes in technology.