Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers
整合了关于高层管理者特征的零散文献，提出高层梯队理论，认为管理者的背景特征可以部分预测组织的战略选择和绩效水平，并给出了研究命题和方法建议。
Theorists in various fields have discussed characteristics of top managers. This paper attempts to synthesize these previously fragmented literatures around a more general “upper echelons perspective.” The theory states that organizational outcomes—strategic choices and performance levels—are partially predicted by managerial background characteristics. Propositions and methodological suggestions are included.