The Immigrant Assimilation Puzzle in Late Nineteenth-Centuty America
研究发现，19世纪末前抵达美国的移民中，儿童期移民的收入轨迹与本地人相似，成年期移民虽初期收入较低但增长更快，支持了传统上认为移民同化良好的观点。
Recent studies suggest that the earnings of pre-1890 immigrants grew slowly compared with those of natives and imply that these immigrants did not assimilate well into the American labor market. Using data for Michigan and California this article estimates new specifications for immigrant and native-born earnings, and finds that immigrants who arrived as children had similar earnings profiles to the native-born. Immigrants who arrived as adults suffered an initial earnings disadvantage but their earnings grew faster than those of the native-born. These results are consistent with the traditional view that pre-1890 immigrants assimilated well.