Japanese Management: What About the “Hard” Skills?
反驳了日本管理只靠软技能的常见观点，指出日本企业同样重视战略、结构、系统等硬技能，并通过组织学习在硬技能上赶超西方企业。
Many writers on Japanese management emphasize the importance of “soft” skill, staff, style, and superordinate goal factors in managing successful organizations. It is argued here that Japanese firms face turbulent environments, making the “hard” factors of strategy, structure, and systems necessary for success. The idea of organizational learning is used to explain how Japanese firms' hard skills have equalled and sometimes surpassed those of Western firms, despite the limited professional education of Japanese managers.