The Effects of Problem Representation on the Sure-Thing and Substitution Principles
通过实验比较了三种问题表示形式（书面陈述、比例矩阵和彩球管）对人们遵守确定事件原则和替代原则的影响，发现比例矩阵能减少违反，且训练被试构建比例矩阵效果更好。
This paper reports an experimental investigation of the effects of three forms of problem representation on compliance with the Sure-Thing and Substitution Principles. The most common form of representation, written problem statements, was compared with two visual representations: decision matrices with each column proportional in size to the probability of the corresponding event and tubes containing 100 labeled balls. The proportional matrices led to fewer violations of both principles. Moreover, when subjects were trained to construct proportional matrices from written problem statements, they exhibited even fewer violations.