Learn English, Not the Local Language! Ethnic Russians in the Baltic States
研究了波罗的海国家俄罗斯族男性掌握当地官方语言（如爱沙尼亚语）对收入的影响，发现回报很小，仅在低收入端和公共部门有正向作用，而英语流利度的回报却大得多，暗示高端就业存在隔离和歧视。
This paper analyzes the return to dominant language fluency for ethnic Russians in the Baltic States. We look at male workers using Estonian Labor Force Survey for years 2000–2010 and the 1998 wave of a panel of high-school graduates of 1982. The results indicate that the ethnic Russian men enjoy little income premium on their skills of the dominant language. We identify positive returns only in the low end of the income distribution and in public administration sector. Surprisingly, the returns to English fluency are far larger. These outcomes point toward segregation and discrimination at the upper-end hiring.