The Visible Hand: Race and Online Market Outcomes
通过在美国本地在线分类广告中销售iPod，研究种族对市场结果的影响，发现黑人卖家收到的报价更少且更低，且信任度较低，尤其在市场薄、种族隔离严重和财产犯罪率高的地区。
We examine the effect of race on market outcomes by selling iPods through local online classified advertisements throughout the US. Each advertisement features a photograph including a dark or light‐skinned hand, or one with a wrist tattoo. Black sellers receive fewer and lower offers than white sellers, and the correspondence with black sellers indicates lower levels of trust. Black sellers' outcomes are particularly poor in thin markets (suggesting that discrimination may not 'survive' competition among buyers) and those with the most racial isolation and property crime (consistent with channels through which statistical discrimination might operate).