Is Management Really Generic?,
区分了四类组织（私营营利、私营非营利、私营准公共和公共组织），指出它们因依赖不同社会群体而产生不同的管理价值观、激励和约束，挑战了管理通用理论。
Four classes of organizations can be identified along the continuum between classical private profit-making firms and strictly governmental agencies: private for-profit, private non-profit, private quasi-public, and public. These four organization prototypes have different management functions because they receive their support from different subsectors of the society. Dependence on different individuals, groups, and organizations in the external environment creates different values, incentives, and constraints for management. The resulting differences in how the basic managerial processes are implemented may be more significant than the generic theory of management has acknowledged.