Knowledge networks in the Dutch aviation industry: the proximity paradox
研究了荷兰航空业知识网络中地理邻近性与其他邻近性（认知、社会、组织）的关系，发现邻近性促进知识交流但过度认知邻近性会降低企业创新绩效，验证了邻近性悖论。
The importance of geographical proximity for interaction and knowledge sharing has \nbeen discussed extensively in recent years. There is increasing consensus that \ngeographical proximity is just one out of many types of proximities that might be \nrelevant. We argue that proximity may be a crucial driver for agents to connect and \nexchange knowledge, but too much proximity between agents on any of the dimensions \nmight harm their innovative performance at the same time. In a study on knowledge \nnetworks in the Dutch aviation industry, we test this so-called proximity paradox \nempirically. We found evidence that the proximity paradox holds to a considerable \ndegree. Our study clearly showed that cognitive, social, organizational and geographical \nproximity were crucial for explaining the knowledge network of the Dutch aviation \nindustry. However, we found strong evidence that too much cognitive proximity lowered \nfirms’ innovative performance, and organizational proximity did not have an effect.