Not‐For‐Profit Provision Of Public Services
解释为何非营利组织在儿童保育、医疗、教育和养老等具有公共品属性的服务领域占主导，认为非营利组织比营利企业更能激发员工基于关爱的努力。
Not-for-profit firms are greatly over-represented in the childcare, medical care, education and care for the aged sectors where service providing workers, as well as purchasers, seem to care about the level or quality of service being provided. Since all individuals who care about service levels receive non-excludable benefits, these services have a public good element. Such care can be used to motivate employees to perform tasks beyond their strict job description. But such care only motivates effort if workers believe it affects the final level of provision. Existing theories suggest that nonprofit firms should arise in sectors where it is difficult for the purchaser to contract with the provider of the good or service sold.' Nonprofits are, indeed, usually found in the provision of services, where this type of contract is difficult to specify, but most service sectors are exclusively provided by for-profit firms, whose concern for their reputations ensures delivery of quality service. Existing theories of nonprofits based on contracting purchase difficulties cannot satisfactorily explain why reputations do not similarly work for for-profit firms in sectors where nonprofit firms are widespread. This paper is motivated by the observation that nonprofits are highly concentrated in the delivery of caring services where the service provided often has a public good component. Examples of such services are childcare, medical care, education and care for the aged. For multi-country evidence on this, see RoseAckerman (1996, Figure 2). In such sectors, service providing workers, as well as purchasers, often have a civic-minded interest in service and consider the level or quality of service important. It is posited here that this is an important distinction between these services and the vast majority of others such as: financial services, insurance, professional services etc., where much less civic-minded care exists. The paper demonstrates that nonprofit firms are more effective than for-profit firms in obtaining care motivated effort, in addition to pecuniarily motivated ef