Innovation in a creative production system: the case of design
探讨文化生产系统中创新与创意程度的差异，聚焦设计行业，指出以往研究过度强调地方创意氛围，而忽视了驱动创新的商业生态系统和企业架构。
This paper addresses the relatively neglected issue of variations in the degree of innovation and creativity within cultural production systems – paying particular attention to the design industries. It is argued that previous studies have paid too much attention to place-based creative buzz, thereby downplaying the business ecosystems and firm architectures that drive innovation. Design emerges from interactions between different sites that synthesize and recombine knowledge so as to produce emergent effects and new designs. These processes can best be encapsulated by the metaphor of the ‘creative broker’ and mean that individual agency cannot be reduced to networks or relations. Consequently, design centres tend to display significant differences from industrial districts. Unlike industrial districts, non-market relations are relatively unimportant compared with market relations, and there is little evidence of institutional thickness.